(DRAFT _ v. 19 June 2005)
1. Introduction
The European Union Water Initiative (EUWI) was established as a key
contribution to the implementation of the WSSD commitments and Plan of
Implementation, aiming to help achieve water-related MDGs and WSSD
targets, providing a platform for strategic partnerships.
The Mediterranean Component of the EU Water Initiative (MED EUWI)
shares all its objectives and it seeks to make significant progress in
poverty eradication and health, in the enhancement of livelihoods, and
in sustainable economic development in the Mediterranean and
Southeastern Europe. Given the critical importance of water in the
bilateral and multilateral relationships in the region, it also seeks
to serve as a catalyst for peace and security in the region.
Documents developed during the Preparatory Phase of MED EUWI, like
the 'Concept and Vision Note', 'Organisational Framework and
Modalities, 'Three-Year Activity Plan' and 'Work Programme 2005',
describe the principles, framework, structure, as well as, the first
concrete activities planned within MED EUWI.
Some of the key challenges in the water sector in the Mediterranean
could be identified under the following broad categories:
- water scarcity and uneven distribution of water resources
- lack of accessibility to water supply and sanitation
- water pollution and environmental degradation
- management of shared waters
- food availability, stability, accessibility and
affordability
- awareness of decision makers and the public
- decline of financial resources allocation
- lack of skilled and motivated water professionals
- institutional aspects and fragmentation of water management
- non-sustainable management of the non-renewable groundwater
resources
- collapse and decay of traditional water practices
2. Purpose of the Note
At different levels and with varying effectiveness, concrete action
responding to challenges mentioned above is already taking place in
all countries of the region. Interventions, supported financially by
domestic sources and / or external aid, are prioritized according to
countries needs.
The purpose of this brief Note is to suggest generic types of
interventions, at the regional level, for meeting the MDGs and the
WSSD targets on Water Supply and Sanitation and Integrated Water
Resources Management in the Mediterranean. It also aims to contribute
in defining priority areas, for Mediterranean countries, for the water
sector, in order to assist orientation of future financial aid and
resource allocation to the region, for domestic, EU and international
sources.
It is recognised that there is a wide range of possible sources, or
mixes of sources, of finance for the water sector. However, poor
governance, lack of capacity at country and local level and sometimes
political instability seem to be the most important constraints that
impede the flow of finance into water sector investments. Lack of good
or 'bankable' projects also hinder the flow of finance. Commercial
risks, involving limited guarantee and uncertain liquidity support
mechanisms, often prevent private sector investment.
In this respect, this Note encompasses a brief assessment of ODA
flows in the region and builds on available data compiled by OECD
during MED EUWI's Preparatory Phase (2004), as a basis for a more in
depth gap assessment, at a next stage. It is in line with
internationally agreed principles and practices, attempting a general
prioritization according to needs in the countries of the region.
Evidently, there is a diversity of specificities per sub-region and
country, including natural resources, demographic trends, economic
development, etc.
Currently, there are no in-depth assessments on expenditure
requirements to meet the MDGs and WSSD targets in the region, while
the majority of countries lack related financial strategies linking to
needs. Therefore, strategic coordination, based on assessment and
tailored-country and donor priorities, is considered necessary in
order to be able to propose concrete interventions, to effectively
respond to the challenges and to, eventually, meet the set targets in
the coming years. MED EUWI should effectively assist in making that
happen.
Among on-going key regional processes, the latter is expected to
contribute to the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) as well as to the
new European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) that will
start in 2007, replacing the MEDA fund in the Mediterranean. The ENP
aims to offer the countries an increasingly close relationship with
the EU, involving a significant degree of economic integration and a
deepening of political cooperation in an approach founded on
partnership, joint ownership and differentiation, according to each
country's interests and capacities.
3. WSS and IWRM: two priority themes of the MED
EUWI
In the present Note emphasis is given on two priority Themes of the
MED EUWI that respond to related MGDs and WSSD targets. More
specifically:
? Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) and the target to halve by 2015
the proportion of people who do not have access to safe drinking water
and basic sanitation.
? Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and the target to
develop IWRM and water efficiency plans in all countries.
Improved access to water supply and basic sanitation can make a
major contribution to poverty eradication, health improvements,
quality of life and protection of the environment. This contribution
is often underestimated. Globally, progress toward targets on WSS has
been slow, particularly with regard to sanitation, and a higher
priority for these in poverty reduction strategies and sustainable
development strategies is required.
At the same time, water resource management needs to be addressed
at all levels and should be based on the natural river or lake basin
or aquifer. IWRM with strong stakeholder participation, a pro-poor
emphasis, and gender sensitivity is a key instrument to ensure the
integration of water services within an overall water management
framework. IWRM also provides a framework to promote peace and
security in transboundary water courses.
Implementation must ensure a balance between human water needs and
those of the environment. Freshwater ecosystems provide a range of
vital services related to biodiversity, the hydrological cycle, and
self-purification capacity. The health of ecosystems is therefore key
to human health, to sustainable development and to poverty reduction
and vice-versa. Improvements in efficiency and sustainability of water
use and river basin management, should contribute to the goals to halt
or reverse by 2015 the current trend of loss of natural resources and
biodiversity.
To meet the challenges, the policy profile of water needs to be
higher in all agendas: local, national, regional and global. This
political commitment needs to be translated into concrete and
co-ordinated action. The primary responsibility for ensuring equitable
and sustainable water resources management integrated into development
strategies rests with national and local governments, and their
sustained ownership of both policies and projects is essential to
achieve results. Applying a consistent to IWRM approach for all
development sectors to support countries in need can also ensure
better coherence, co-ordination and complementarity.
Effective governance as well as policy and sectoral reforms are
necessary to secure proper management. Moreover, partnerships between
public, private and civil society actors have to be promoted, ensuring
that those partnerships are essential and active and that they remain
equitable and transparent, able to safeguard users' (even the most
poor) and investors' interests while maintaining high standards of
environmental protection. Institutional strengthening, capacity
building and expanding the knowledge base are all essential to
rationalize use, support sound planning as well as decision-making
processes.
The targets cannot be achieved without addressing a number of other
horizontal issues: gender inequality, for instance, hinders growth,
poverty reduction and progress in health and education, thus,
mainstreaming gender equity is essential in meeting the targets. These
issues as well as other cross-cutting aspects can also benefit from
research to develop the critical knowledge needed for policy
formulation and in order to implement policies and principles.
In June 2005 and based on 100 MDG Country Reports from all around
the globe, UNDP listed the challenges and priorities for action for
achieving environmental sustainability. Water, mainly through MDG
Target No. 10 on sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation, was only one of the natural resources tackled in the
analysis. Nonetheless, the vast majority of the findings which are
presented in Table 1 also reflect water related realities in the
Mediterranean.
Closing the financing gap is a major challenge. Financial estimates
to meet the MDGs for water and sanitation, as reported by the UN High
Level Panel on Financing for Development (2001), suggested that
between US$10-29 billion per year is required on top of the roughly
US$30 billion already being spent. These figures reflect the needs for
water supply and sanitation only and significant other resources will
also be required for all other aspects of water management. The
Camdessus Report (2003) presented in Kyoto, estimates the current
investment on water related issues to 80 billion USD and suggests that
in order to address our needs 180 billion USD are needed annually by
2015. These figures correspond to secondary treatment plants and are
considered by many as the 'upper' estimate.
On the other hand, apart from increasing the level of aid,
improving efficiency of existing financial resources as well as the
identification of mechanisms to activate innovative sources of finance
will also be important factors. Globally, the EU Commission and EU
member states spend close to ?1,5 billion on water resource
development and management projects per year and improving the
effectiveness of these investments can make a difference. Using these
funds to leverage other forms of finance including from users and from
the private sector is an aspect that should be further explored.
Table 1: Environmental Sustainability Challenges and
Priorities Reported (UNDP, 2005)
Issue
|
Challenges
|
Priorities
|
Human and social pressures |
- rapid
urbanisation, population growth, and economic
evelopment/industrialisation
- illegal activities and exploitation of resources
- economic and political crises resulting in environmental
destruction
- widespread poverty leads to over exploitation of natural
resources
- lack of environmental consciousness and compliance
- limited renewable energy sources
- climate change and natural disaster impacts
- morbidity related to contaminated water, hygiene and sanitation
related diseased
- scarcity of and deteriorating natural resources
- unequal distribution of resources (for rich)
|
- change
traditional customs, habits and hygiene practices
- eliminate unlawful practices
- develop disaster preparedness
- include environmental costs to national accounts
- ensure sustainability of national systems for conservation
- eliminate environmental burdens from the past
- preserve natural generative capacity and long-term sources of
water
- provide technical advice and economic instruments for natural
resource protection
- ensure equitable allocation of resources
|
Governance/
Management
|
- managerial
shortcomings in regional/public water companies, enforcement for
protected areas, control of illegal activities, and pollution
monitoring
- limited utilisation of indigenous knowledge systems in central
planning activities
- overlapping/ambiguous responsibilities and authorities among
government agencies
- insufficient transparency and accountability in management
- lack of government priority and low commitment of decision
makers
- absence of planning mechanisms and systems and comprehensive
national environmental strategy
- weak normative and legislative mechanisms and environmental
standards and plans
- weak integration of environment into national development
strategy
- Insufficient governmental capacity for environment
management
|
- strengthen
groundwater/watershed, land, forest, marine protected areas, etc
management strategies and action plans to safeguard resources
- establish appropriate levels of authority over activities,
resources and management capacity to local levels
- decentralised planning and management services
- ensure national policies are fully implemented
- set polices for social, economic and environmental plans
- promote economic development based on sustainable use of
resources
- develop and improve environmental governance and compliance of
environmental standards and international conventions
- promote framework for biohazards
- implement environmental evaluations
- internalise environmental concerns in development planning
model
- put in place pro-poor natural resources conservation
program
|
Knowledge/
expertise
|
- lack of
national expertise
- shortage of qualified and trained practioners
- low community awareness and education
- lack of relevant scientific knowledge
- lack of understanding of future value
- poor public access to environmental information
|
- strengthen
capacities in information systems and research
- increase environmental education
- strengthen capacity and community ownership through training and
guidance
- mobilise civil society to raise awareness
- involve scientific sector and international assistance
- develop and increase access to information
|
Technological
capacity |
- lack of
investment in renewable energy
- lack of energy alternatives
- inadequate technology and technological development
- lack of incentives for eco-friendly technology development
- insufficient forecasting system for natural disasters
|
- develop and
increase use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency
- improve water supply schemes and clean water technology
- apply technology transfer
- promote environmental-friendly technologies
- improve technology maintenance and expansion
- Improve early warning systems to improve food security
|
Institutional capacity |
- lack of
national council for sustainable development
- lack of institute for ecological funds
- weak institutional capacity prevents access to share of globally
competitive resources
- lack of clear responsibilities
|
- strengthen
human and institutional capacity for environmental resources
- clarify relationship and roles of agencies
- institutionalise and consolidate environmental impact assessment
policies
- strengthen institutional framework, policies, and enforcement
mechanism
- take account of environment in all sectors
|
Cooperation/
partnerships
|
- lack of local
and international efforts
- lack of coordination between government sectors and relevant
agencies to solve regional problems
- insufficient coordination mechanisms
|
- cross-sectoral
dialogue in designing policies and regulatory frameworks
- ensure coordination among government, private sector, civil
society, and international communities
- promote shared responsibility
- increase community participation
|
Financial
resources |
- high costs for
public services
- insufficient budgetary allocations
- limited public financial resources
- domestic debt and lack of external aid
- decrease in federal investment in services
|
- find
investment sources and aid
- develop strategy to cope with trade shocks
- develop effective social marketing strategy to improve financing
and utilization of water supply services
- establish cost recovery mechanisms/policies
- fine and tax polluters to reduce strain on resources
- optimise pricing policies between economic sectors
- harmonise national and international fiscal policies
|
4. Water ODA in the Mediterranean, with an emphasis
on WSS
The water sector can be funded by a variety of sources
including:
- User charges
- Taxes - local or national (otherwise referred to as domestic
public financing)
- Household and community investments
- Private sector investment from either international or local
operators
- Official development assistance (ODA) loans and grants
- Donations from the local and international non-profit
sector.
According to the first results of the Working Group of the Finance
Component of the EU Water Initiative (2002-2003), the water sector
worldwide does not currently attract the levels of finance needed to
meet the challenges set by the MDGs and the WSSD targets, to which
also the EU Water Initiative is aimed to respond. The latter seems to
reflect also the situation in the Mediterranean, though WSS conditions
are much better than in Sub-Saharan Africa.
In addition to domestic resources, investment on water
infrastructure in the Mediterranean countries is being made through
bilateral and multilateral agreements. The EU Member States and the
European Commission are among the major donors in the region,
including support to water sector, constituting a major force towards
economic growth and transition.
In the present Note, a brief assessment of ODA trends in the region
is attempted, in order to draw some general conclusions that could
serve as a basis for a more in depth identification of gaps, at a
later stage. The statistical overview of ODA provided to the water
sector in the region from 1990-2002 was elaborated by OECD Non Member
State Division of the Environment Directorate for the MED EUWI.
The general global trend in the volume of ODA relative to economic
growth in industrialized countries and population growth in developing
countries is one of decline. As it is presented in Figure 1, the case
in the Mediterranean does not differ much, though we can observe
fluctuations with high and low peaks every 4-5 years which might
reflect funding 'circles'.
Figure 2 presents the aid provided by sub-sector. It should be
noted that the DAC Database encompasses the following categories under
ODA to the water sector:
- Water resources policy and administrative management
- Water resources protection
- Water supply and sanitation - large systems
- Water supply and sanitation - small systems
- River development
- Waste management and disposal
- Education and training in water supply and sanitation
The above categorization does not specifically include activities
related to IWRM or to the management of water ecosystems. On the other
hand, some activities are included (such as waste management) which
are indirectly linked to water sector. Moreover, dams and reservoirs
which serve primarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities
related to transport in rivers are excluded and are classified under
aid to agriculture, energy and transport, respectively.
With these limitations, the analysis presented in Figure 2 shows
that ODA in the region is mainly directed to projects dealing with
large and small systems of water supply and sanitation as well as to
projects relating to policy and administrative management, while
sub-sectors such as education and training, river development and
water resources protection receive only a very small percentage of the
allocated funds.
An analysis of the aid to the water sector by recipient from 1990
to 2002, presented in Figure 3, shows that Turkey and Egypt, the two
most populated developing countries in the Mediterranean, were major
beneficiaries, reaching 2 billion USD each over a period of 12 years.
Moreover, ODA was directed mainly to countries of North Africa and
Middle East while support to Balkan countries was considerably
lower.
Figure 4 presents the support provided by donor in the region in
the period 1990-2002. Two non EU countries, USA (1,787 billion USD)
and Japan (1,517 billion USD), are in the top of the list together
with Germany (1,539 billion USD). Nevertheless, the sum of EU Member
States and EC support reaches 3,5 billion USD proving that the EU is
the major donor in the region.
It is evident that although more financial resources, if
effectively used, could bring concrete results in the water sector in
the region the major immediate challenge would be to optimize and use
more effectively the already available resources, e.g. by targeting it
toward alleviating the constraints which stop other sources of finance
becoming available for investment in the water sector.
4. Types of possible interventions for WSS and
IWRM
Taking into account the overall assessment of global and regional
challenges as well as that of ODA trends in the region (thematically
and geographically), important types of possible intervention that may
be applied at the country and transboundary level in the Mediterranean
are herewith presented. The suggested types aim to respond to MDGs and
WSSD targets on WSS and IWRM, as well as, to related constraints
encountered by competent stakeholder groups.
4.1. Water Supply and Sanitation
For the improvement of the management of municipal water supply and
sanitation infrastructure in order to ensure that good quality water
and adequate sanitation services are delivered to the population in a
reliable, sustainable manner and at a cost that does not hinder poor
people's access to these services, suggested activity area may
comprise:
-
Investment and technical assistance to improve water supply and
sanitation infrastructure. Such improvements could respond to:
- Maintenance, rehabilitation or upgrade of existing
infrastructure, including leakage control, renovation of water
mains, etc.
- Development of new infrastructure, including transmission
pipelines with household connections, water meters, pumps, wells,
boreholes, public standpipes, rainwater collection schemes,
sewerage systems, connections to public sewers, connection to
septic systems, latrines, wastewater treatment plants, etc
-
Improvement of the institutional and regulatory framework for the
urban water sector. Interventions could include:
- Establishment of an effective national framework to regulate
water utilities. Improvement of the conditions influencing the
involvement of the domestic and foreign private sector in the water
services, according to needs for investment.
- Development of a utility performance monitoring system in order
to introduce benchmarking and stimulate efficiency.
- Development of a model performance contract between utilities
and municipalities.
- Reviewing and reforming standards concerning drinking water and
effluent water quality,
- Reviewing and reforming standards concerning construction and
consumption norms.
- Promoting public awareness in sector reforms through
information dissemination and public debate of reform options.
- Training programmes to build national and local capacity.
-
Ensuring the financial viability of the water sector:
- Assessment of the financial sustainability of existing level of
water services, taking into account the often low ability of
householders to pay as well as cultural perceptions on water
valuing.
- Evaluation of eventual debts or deficits of the public water
sector and development of a plan to address effectively the
issue.
- Identification by the relevant public authorities of adequate
level of services examining also alternative and less costly
options.
- Development of in-country pilot projects aiming to test reforms
in tariff-setting systems.
- Facilitating investment into the water sector from local,
national and foreign sources.
-
Ensuring social welfare so that poor and vulnerable groups of the
population have access to water services
- Analysis by competent national and local authorities in
consultation with water users of the affordability of water prices
at local and national level, aiming at establishing a national
and/or local affordability target or benchmark of water
expenses
- Implementation of measures to support access to water for the
poor, including targeted income subsidies.
- Promotion of public participation on water issues, particularly
on aspects of municipal development plans, level of services,
health standards, tariff reform and private sector
involvement.
- Promotion of education and public awareness on water,
sanitation and health related issues.
- Safeguard public health by strengthening the linkages between
water management and health, including better surveillance, warning
and response systems.
-
Protecting the environment and natural resources through, among
other things, increased wastewater collection and treatment and
through increased water use efficiency.
- Establishment of a framework for managing competing uses of
water at national and regional levels eg. through integrating
municipal systems for water treatment and reuse into coherent
programmes for water resources management.
- Increase progressively the wastewater collection and high
quality treatment and reuse, allowing the necessary quantities for
environmental purposes.
- Promotion of measures for water demand management aiming to
increase the efficiency of water use and reduction of wasteful
consumption and water losses.
4.2. Integrated Water Resources Management
For the improvement of the management of water resources, including
transboundary river basins and aquifers, in order to ensure the best
possible balance between economic efficiency, environmental
sustainability and social equity and the reduction of conflicts
associated with the distribution and use of water at different levels,
suggested activity area may comprise:
- Implementation at national level of the relevant international
conventions.
- Preparation of national integrated water resources management
strategies and efficiency plans, including decision-support systems
and integration of land and water management and freshwater and
coastal zone management.
- Supporting the implementation of integrated transboundary water
resources management based on a river basin (including lakes) /
watershed (including ground waters) approach.
- Promotion and preparation of water-related legislation (including
strengthening of water licenses / discharge permit systems etc) based
on the best available scientific evidence, considering also
principles and practices of the EU Water Framework Directive.
- Supporting the institutional capacity building and review of the
organisational framework for water resources management, including
basin management bodies.
- Supporting the countries and competent authorities in developing
whenever necessary adequate administrative and operational mechanisms
for management of transboundary water bodies.
- Improvement of water resources monitoring and assessments (such
as hydrometric/water quality monitoring system, upgrading of
environmental laboratories, etc) as well as improve reporting
capacities to effectively meet international, regional and national
reporting requirements/obligations.
- Improvement of public access to information, education and
awareness on water resources problems and involvement of stakeholders
and users in decision-making.
4.3. Interventions to assist main stakeholder group
The EUWI Working Group on Finances (2004) lead by the UK elaborated
scenaria from the perspective of the three main water sector
stakeholders who require more finance, ie.:
- Water users (community based organisations etc.);
- Water service providers (from a national public sector
perspective); and
- Public authorities (local and national government)
These scenaria describe key constraints by stakeholder group and
types of interventions where ODA can effectively assist, in order to
alleviate constrains which stop sources of finance of becoming
available for investment or of being used more effectively.
a. Water Users
Water users face the following key constraints (broadly governance,
capacity and project preparation related):
- Lack of cash and credit
- Lack of demand focused projects
- Lack of local capacity
- Lack of decentralised governance
To ease these constraints the following approaches could be
used:
- Providing more appropriate tariff and targeted subsidy
regimes
- Promoting output-based aid projects for communities
- Providing community financing and credit schemes
- Seeking to design better -demand focused, financially sustainable
projects and programmes
- Improving capacity in civil society to form water user groups,
CBOs etc and to better advocate for policy change
In this way, ODA could be used to better help water users to secure
and provide their own finance, through paying for the provision of
targeted subsidies (especially for connections); starting up
community-financing and credit schemes; helping to design more
demand-focused projects that people actually want and will pay for;
promoting output based tariff changes; and developing capacity to form
water user groups.
b. Water service providers
Water service providers face usually the following key constraints
(broadly commercial, governance and capacity related):
- Unclear and unstable legal framework within which they
operate
- Operating deficits
- Lack of cash for reinvestment or expansion
- Inability to raise cost effective finance
- Lack of capacity in finance and management capabilities
- Lack of autonomy
To ease these constraints the following approaches could be
used:
- Providing technical assistance
- Price reform
- Capacity building
- Support for raising finance
In this way, ODA could be used to better help water service
providers in developing countries :
- to leverage more finance for investment and expansion of their
operations through tariff and subsidy reform (and improved billing
and collection procedures)
- to succeed accountancy improvements
- to stimulate a mixture of finance sources including loans,
raising bonds and encouraging equity stakes and direct private
investment in their organisations.
ODA can help to do this by providing various forms of technical
assistance in areas of strategic corporate development and capacity
building by :
- helping to provide, identify and negotiate affordable loans
- underwriting elements of risk attached to these loans;
- encouraging equity investors through the use of ODA to offset
ill-liquidity premiums or low returns.
c. Public authorities
Public authorities face the following key constraints (broadly
governance and capacity related):
- Political reluctance to reform
- Budgetary constraints due to competing demands
- Lack of a long term strategy for the sector
- Lack of understanding and inertia in adjusting policies to better
access forms of finance other than public
- Lack of capacity to undertake new roles and differentiated
responsibilities
To lift these constraints the following approaches may be used:
- Provide guidance on possible reform pathways engendering
political will for change
- Develop sectoral strategies and financing plans
- Support good project preparation
- Build capacity
- Improve tariff and subsidy regimes
- Provide specific technical assistance
- Leverage of cheaper loans
- Underwrite risk
- Develop local capital markets
- Enhance interest from equity investors
In this way, ODA could be used to better help the introduction of
wider financial reforms and financing possibilities into the wider
water sector, both in terms of strategy and capacity development and
in terms of stimulating local markets, underwriting risk and promoting
access to wider forms of international financing options.
5. Strategic coordination at the country level: A
recommendation for MED EUWI
To meet challenges, generic targets will have to be embedded in
workable programs at national and local level. Identifying gaps,
agreeing on priorities and setting achievable targets linked with
rational operational steps, are critical for turning commitments into
reality.
Moreover, it is vitally important that strategic planning of
concrete interventions/actions is based on a good understanding of the
costs of achieving the targets and is supported by feasible financing
strategies.
Though in some countries of the region there is advancement in
preparing assessments of needs and financial strategies, in the
majority of cases progress is very slow.
Therefore, there is a need for a coordinated and comprehensive
effort:
- to identify gaps and emerging deficiencies in current national
priorities and implementation processes to achieve MDGs/WSSD
targets,
- to identify insufficiencies and bottlenecks in key prerequisites
posed by donors for national investments in the water sector,
- to identify and describe in detail types of interventions and
concrete national framework programmes to meet targets,
- to provide an estimate of the costs of achieving targets,
- to identify sources of finance and develop financing strategies
and
- to elaborate, discuss and agree on a roadmap for achieving the
targets at country level.
Such findings, estimates, strategies and agreements have to be
robust, policy relevant and well documented and should be approved by
partner countries' and donors as the basis for partnerships and joint
action.
MED EUWI shall play a key role in making these happen, by
facilitating coordinated action and effective synergies between
competent partners at country and international level, assisting in
effectively mobilizing ODA, in order to meet WSS and IWRM targets in
the Mediterranean in the coming years.
References
- EUWI Background Document at the WSSD. European Commission, August
2002.
- EU Water Initiative - Financial Issues. DFID and European
Commission, August 2002
- Water for the 21st Century: Framework for Action for North
Africa. GWP-Med, CEDARE and MWN, 2003.
- EECCA Component, Background Document at the 5th Ministerial
Conference 'Environment for Europe' in Kiev. EECCA EUWI Working
Group, 2003.
- OECD Aid Activity Database, Mediterranean countries. Non Member
Countries Division, Environment Directorate, OECD, 2004.
- EUWI Finance Component, Final Outputs of Phase I. EUWI Finance
Working Group, 2004.
- MED EUWI Activity Plan. MED EUWI Working Group, March 2004.
- MED EUWI Vision and Concept Note. MED EUWI Working Group, March
2005.
- Environmental Sustainability in 100 MDG Country Reports, UNDP,
June 2005.
|